Anak Krakatau

Crater summit Anak Krakatau.

Anak Krakatau eruption

Strombolian eruption of Anak Krakatau.

Anak Krakatau eruption

Explosive eruption of Anak Krakatau

Ujung Kulon National Park

The Javan Rhinoceros Sondaicus.

Cigenter River Ujung Kulon National Park

Canoeing along Cigenter River searching for The Javan Rhinoceros.

Baduy Tribe

Group of Baduy Tribe traveling on bare foot.

Putri Carita Fall or Little Green Canyon Banten

One of beautiful and excotic waterfall nearby Carita Beach.

Krakatau Camp Tour

Explore Krakatau for two days 1 night by night in the tent.

Krakatau underwater

Explore underwater around Krakatau.

Krakatau and Island surrounding

Walking along the beach while seeing an amazing view.

Anak Krakatau

Climbing through the desert to get outer rim.

Phreatic eruption


Phreatic eruption

Phreatomagmatic eruptions are eruptions that arise from interactions between water and magma. They are driven from thermal contraction (as opposed to magmatic eruptions, which are driven by thermal expansion) of magma when it comes in contact with water. This temperature difference between the two causes violent water-lava interactions that make up the eruption. The products of phreatomagmatic eruptions are believed to be more regular in shape and finer grained than the products of magmatic eruptions because of the differences in eruptive mechanisms. There is debate about the exact nature of phreatomagmatic eruptions, and some scientists believe that fuel-coolant reactions may be more critical to the explosive nature than thermal contraction. Fuel coolant reactions may fragment the volcanic material by propagating stress waves, widening cracks and increasing surface area that ultimetly lead to rapid cooling and explosive contraction-driven eruptions.

Volcano



The word volcano is derived from the name of Vulcano, a volcanic island in the Aeolian Islands of Italy whose name in turn comes from Vulcan, the god of fire in Roman mythology. The study of volcanoes is called volcanology, sometimes spelled vulcanology

A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.

Earth's volcanoes occur because its crust is broken into 17 major, rigid tectonic plates that float on a hotter, softer layer in its mantle. Therefore, on Earth, volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging, and most are found underwater. For example, a mid-oceanic ridge, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates whereas the Pacific Ring of Fire has volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the crust's plates, e.g., in the East African Rift and the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and Rio Grande Rift in North America. This type of volcanism falls under the umbrella of "plate hypothesis" volcanism. Volcanism away from plate boundaries has also been explained as mantle plumes. These so-called "hotspots", for example Hawaii, are postulated to arise from upwelling diapirs with magma from the core–mantle boundary, 3,000 km deep in the Earth. Volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past one another.

Erupting volcanoes can pose many hazards, not only in the immediate vicinity of the eruption. One such hazard is that volcanic ash can be a threat to aircraft, in particular those with jet engines where ash particles can be melted by the high operating temperature; the melted particles then adhere to the turbine blades and alter their shape, disrupting the operation of the turbine. Large eruptions can affect temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the sun and cool the Earth's lower atmosphere (or troposphere); however, they also absorb heat radiated from the Earth, thereby warming the upper atmosphere (or stratosphere). Historically, volcanic winters have caused catastrophic famines.

Plate tectonics
Divergent plate boundaries
At the mid-oceanic ridges, two tectonic plates diverge from one another as new oceanic crust is formed by the cooling and solidifying of hot molten rock. Because the crust is very thin at these ridges due to the pull of the tectonic plates, the release of pressure leads to adiabatic expansion (without transfer of heat or matter) and the partial melting of the mantle, causing volcanism and creating new oceanic crust. Most divergent plate boundaries are at the bottom of the oceans; therefore, most volcanic activity on the Earth is submarine, forming new seafloor. Black smokers (also known as deep sea vents) are evidence of this kind of volcanic activity. Where the mid-oceanic ridge is above sea-level, volcanic islands are formed; for example, Iceland.

Convergent plate boundaries
Subduction zones are places where two plates, usually an oceanic plate and a continental plate, collide. In this case, the oceanic plate subducts, or submerges, under the continental plate, forming a deep ocean trench just offshore. In a process called flux melting, water released from the subducting plate lowers the melting temperature of the overlying mantle wedge, thus creating magma. This magma tends to be extremely viscous because of its high silica content, so it often does not attain the surface but cools and solidifies at depth. When it does reach the surface, however, a volcano is formed. Typical examples are Mount Etna and the volcanoes in the Pacific Ring of Fire.

Hotspots
Hotspots are volcanic areas believed to be formed by mantle plumes, which are hypothesized to be columns of hot material rising from the core-mantle boundary in a fixed space that causes large-volume melting. Because tectonic plates move across them, each volcano becomes dormant and is eventually re-formed as the plate advances over the postulated plume. The Hawaiian Islands are said to have been formed in such a manner; so has the Snake River Plain, with the Yellowstone Caldera being the part of the North American plate above the hot spot. This theory, however, has been doubted

Krakatau Day Tour, 22 August 2023

Mr Henry ( Melbourne, Australia )











Krakatau, 20 August 2023

 My first trip to visit and see a spectacular volcano in Sunda Strait Indonesia " Krakatoa "


Ujung Kulon Adventure Tour 3D2N

Ujung Kulon National Park, 12-14 August 2023
Michelle and Naomi ( Milan, Italy )
We picked up early morning in Jakarta, then transfer to Sumur pier near the park. Today the sea was rough while to get Cigenter river where we will cano this afternoon. Aftermath we cruise to get Peucang Island. We stay at beautiful island where some animals hanging around the ecolodge.












August 6th 2023, Visiting and climbing with Mr Nicolai

Sunda Strait Indonesia, 06 August 2023
We are leaving Carita Beach to get Krakatau early morning. The sun just rose up and weather quit good, upon arrival we saw that Anak Krakatau is still smoking from the crater.